Mix the dry ingredients: In a large bowl, whisk together the flour, sugar, baking powder, baking soda, and salt.
Mix the wet ingredients: In a separate bowl, whisk the buttermilk, egg, melted butter, and vanilla until smooth.
Combine gently: Pour the wet ingredients into the dry and whisk just until combined. A few small lumps are perfectly fine. Do not overmix or the pancakes will be tough.
Preheat your pan: Heat a nonstick skillet or griddle over medium heat. Lightly grease it with butter or oil.
Cook the pancakes: Scoop about 1/4 cup batter onto the pan. Cook until bubbles form on top and the edges look set, about 2 to 3 minutes. Flip and cook another 1 to 2 minutes until golden and fluffy.
Repeat: Continue cooking, adjusting the heat as needed to prevent burning.